1. Study the following paragraphs and prepare a suitable summary.
Nepal’s migration situation is dominated by the migration of Nepalis for foreign employment. The 2011 census on population and housing showed that almost 50 percent of Nepal’s households had a member who was either working overseas or had returned. While this labor migration has a significant positive effect on Nepal’s economy, it also has a series of socioeconomic impacts on the welfare of Nepali nationals and their communities. The exploitation of migrant workers is rife and aspiring labor migrants may find themselves in a situation of irregular migration or trafficking. Nepal’s environmental vulnerability also has an impact on the scale of internal and international migration. Climate change, environmental degradation, and natural and manmade disasters cause displacement and dislocation from the land, meaning that many Nepalese migrate to ensure a sustainable livelihood. Nepal’s open border with its close neighbor India is another defining and unique characteristic in Nepal’s migration context. Although the lack of data on this issue is of concern, it is recognized that there are frequent and extensive cross-border movements, which have significant impacts on Nepal, both positive and potentially negative. The 2011 census data shows that nearly two-fifths (37.2%) of the Nepali absentees are in India, however, such data has its limitations in the case of an open border where crossing can be short-term or seasonable and will be undocumented. There are also no records kept on how many Nepalese work in India or where they are.
Traditionally,
Nepali migrant workers sought employment mainly in India, however from the
mid-1980s, Nepalis started also to migrate to the Gulf States and Malaysia for
work which resulted in an increase in migrant workers as well as in a
proliferation of labor recruitment agencies and brokers. The decentralization of
passport issuance in Nepal also facilitated the migration of many unskilled and
semi-skilled Nepalese. During the past two decades, Nepal has also witnessed an
increase in the number of Nepali women who are seeking work abroad and being
gradually recognized as important economic
actors. The risk of exploitation and abuse of women migrant workers is high, particularly
in largely unregulated sectors such as domestic work and the Government has put
in place a series of measures seeking to protect women migrants. To date, these
measures have met with limited success and there is still evidence that many
women migrants are in situations of risk.
Answer: Summary from the aforementioned passage: Nepal’s migration situation is heavily dominated by people migrating to foreign countries for employment. According to a census report of 2011, 50 percent of Nepali households had a member who had migrated to foreign countries. Many Nepalese migrate to foreign countries to ensure a sustainable livelihood. Nepal’s open border is another cause of migration. Data shows that about 37.2% of Nepali migrants are in India. Traditionally India is the main destination of Nepali migrants. However, people started to migrate to Golf countries and Malaysia from mid -the 1980s. There is also an increase in the number of Nepali women migrating to foreign countries for the job. This has increased the risk of exploitation and abuse of them.
2. Study the following paragraphs and prepare a suitable summary.
Between 1770 and
1815 a galaxy of German thinkers and artists, almost all readers of Rousseau, responded
to the then-emergent commercial and cosmopolitan society; and their response
set a pattern of the greatest importance for the history of politics and
culture. It started with assertions of spiritual superiority and an aesthetic
ideology, mutated over time into ethnic and cultural nationalism, and, finally,
into an existential politics of survival. All the diverse movements of German
Idealism that transformed the world of thought – from Sturm und Drang to Romanticism
to the Marxist dialectic, originally emerged out of the resentment and
defensive disdain of isolated German intellectuals, which Rousseau’s rhetoric
justified and reinforced. Feeling marginalized by the sophisticated
socio-economic order emerging in Western Europe, and its aggressive rationalism
and individualism, these young men started to idealize what they took to be the
true Volk, an organic national community united by a distinctive language, ways
of thought, shared traditions, and a collective memory enshrined in folklore
and fable. In contrast to the Rights of Man, and the Atlantic West’s notion of
the abstract universal individual equipped with reason, the Germans offered a vision of human beings defined in
all their modes of thinking, feeling, and acting by their membership of a
cultural community. This elaborate theory of collective identity and nativist salvation
eventually proved more appealing and useful to other latecomers to history than
the Enlightenment’s abstract notions of individualist rationalism.
Not surprisingly,
it was the near-exclusive creation of Germans in provincial towns among whom Rousseau’s
elegant denunciations of Parisian society and celebration of simple folk found
their most receptive and grateful audience. Doomed to political backwardness,
they were condescended to not only by the French (Voltaire thought the German
language useful for ‘soldiers and horses; it is only necessary when you are on
the road’) but also by their own Francophile elites, such as Frederick of Prussia,
who appointed an inept Frenchman to head the Royal Library in Berlin over the
heads of the philosopher Lessing and the art historian Johann Joachim
Winckelmann, arguing that the salary of 1,000 thalers was too much for a
German. As Herder asked sarcastically, who needs a fatherland or any kinship
relations’ when we can all be ‘philanthropic citizens of the world? The princes
speak French, and soon everybody will follow their example, and then, behold perfect bliss.’ The Rousseau-reading Germans countered the cosmopolitan ideals
of commerce, luxury, and metropolitan urbanity with Kultur. They claimed that
Kultur, the preserve of lowly but profound native burgers, pastors, and
professors, was a higher achievement than a French Civilization built around
court society. For Kultur combined the nurturing and education of the
individual soul with the growth of the national culture. Starting with
Herder and Goethe, prodigiously talented German literati elaborated, for the
first time in history, a national identity founded on aesthetic achievement and
spiritual eminence.
Summary: Between 1770 and 1815 a galaxy of German thinkers and artists, almost all readers of Rousseau, responded to the then emergent commercial and cosmopolitan society; All the diverse movements of German Idealism that transformed the world of thought – from Sturm und Drang to Romanticism to the Marxist dialectic, originally emerged out of the resentment and defensive disdain of isolated German intellectuals, which Rousseau’s rhetoric justified and reinforced. Doomed to political backwardness, they were condescended to not only by the French (Voltaire thought the German language useful for ‘soldiers and horses; it is only necessary when you are on the road’) but also by their own Francophile elites, such as Frederick of Prussia, who appointed an inept Frenchman to head the Royal Library in Berlin over the heads of the philosopher Lessing and the art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann, arguing that the salary of 1,000 thalers was too much for a German. Starting with Herder and Goethe, prodigiously talented German literati elaborated, for the first time in history, a national identity founded on aesthetic achievement and spiritual eminence.
3. Study the following paragraph and prepare a suitable summary.
She looked up at him with a
smile. A soft pink crept over her cheek, and her eyes were kind and frank. Maxwell leaned one elbow on
her desk. He still clutched fluttering papers with both hands and the pen was
above his ear. "Miss Leslie," he began hurriedly, "I have but a
moment to spare. I want to say something
at that moment. Will you be my wife? I haven't had time to make love to you in
an ordinary way, but I really do love you. Talk quick, please--those fellows are
clubbing the stuffing out of Union Pacific." "Oh, what are you
talking about?" exclaimed the young lady. She rose to her feet and gazed
upon him, round-eyed. "Don't you understand?" said Maxwell,
restively. "I want you to marry me. I love you, Miss Leslie. I wanted to tell you, and I
snatched a minute when things had slackened up a bit. They're calling me on the phone
now. Tell 'em to wait a minute, Pitcher. Won't you, Miss Leslie?" The stenographer acted
very queerly. At first, she seemed overcome with amazement; then tears flowed
from her wondering eyes; and then she smiled sunnily through them, and one of
her arms slid tenderly about the broker's neck. "I know now," she
said, softly. "It's this old business that has driven everything else out of your head for the time. I was
frightened at first. Don't you remember, Harvey? We were married last evening
at 8 o'clock in the Little Church around the Corner."
Answer: Summary: "A soft pink crept over her cheek, and her eyes were kind and frank. "Miss Leslie," he began hurriedly, "I have but a moment to spare. I haven't had time to make love to you in an ordinary way, but I really do love you. Talk quick, please--those fellows are clubbing the stuffing out of Union Pacific." I love you, Miss Leslie. I wanted to tell you, and I snatched a minute when things had slackened up a bit. Tell 'em to wait a minute, Pitcher. Won't you, Miss Leslie?"